Take The A Train Billy Strayhorn

"Take the 'A' Train": Billy Strayhorn's Timeless Anthem of Harlem

"Take the 'A' Train," a phrase instantly recognizable to jazz aficionados and casual listeners alike, is more than just a catchy tune; it's a musical passport to Harlem, a vibrant emblem of the Duke Ellington Orchestra, and a testament to the compositional genius of Billy Strayhorn. This iconic piece, brimming with swing, energy, and a subtle sophistication, encapsulates the spirit of a specific time and place in American history. It invites us on a sonic journey, not just to a geographical location, but to a cultural mecca that resonated with creativity, resilience, and the blossoming of Black artistic expression.

The song’s enduring appeal lies not only in its infectious melody but also in its historical and cultural context. It served as the signature tune for one of the most influential orchestras in jazz history, providing the soundtrack for countless dance floors and radio broadcasts. "Take the 'A' Train" is a reminder of the golden age of big band music, a period when swing reigned supreme and jazz was not just entertainment, but a powerful force for social change. This article delves into the fascinating story behind the creation of this timeless anthem, exploring its musical intricacies, its cultural significance, and its enduring legacy in the world of jazz.

A Serendipitous Beginning: From Strayhorn's Pen to Ellington's Stage

The genesis of "Take the 'A' Train" is a story of serendipity and the collaborative genius that defined the Duke Ellington Orchestra. In 1939, Duke Ellington, already a prominent figure in the jazz world, was facing a contractual dispute with ASCAP (American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers). This dispute led to a temporary ban on performing his own compositions on the radio, a significant challenge for an orchestra that relied heavily on airplay. To circumvent this restriction, Ellington sought out new composers to contribute to his repertoire.

Enter Billy Strayhorn, a young, classically trained musician from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Strayhorn, a gifted pianist and composer, was an admirer of Ellington's work. Recognizing his immense talent, Ellington extended an invitation for Strayhorn to join his organization. The story goes that Ellington gave Strayhorn directions to his Harlem apartment, instructing him to "Take the 'A' Train" – a subway line that ran directly from Brooklyn to Harlem.

However, the actual circumstances surrounding the song's composition are a bit more nuanced. While the "A" train journey undoubtedly inspired the title, Strayhorn had already been experimenting with similar musical ideas. He had even composed a piece called "Something to Live For" before joining Ellington's band. Ellington, recognizing the potential of these ideas, encouraged Strayhorn to develop them further.

The song itself was initially rejected by Ellington because it sounded too much like Fletcher Henderson, another prominent bandleader of the era. However, after Ellington's original arrangements were temporarily unavailable, “Take the ‘A’ Train” was pulled from the drawer. It became the orchestra’s signature tune after a recording in 1941. The initial reaction was so positive that the piece quickly became a staple in the Ellington Orchestra's repertoire, replacing their previous theme song, "East St. Louis Toodle-oo."

Deconstructing the Melody: A Masterclass in Jazz Composition

“Take the ‘A’ Train” is a shining example of Strayhorn’s exceptional understanding of jazz harmony, melody, and orchestration. The song is built upon a simple, yet incredibly effective, riff-based structure. The opening fanfare, played by the trumpet section, is instantly recognizable and serves as a powerful hook that draws the listener in. This fanfare, characterized by its ascending melodic line and syncopated rhythm, immediately establishes the energetic and upbeat mood of the piece.

The main melody, carried by the tenor saxophone, is equally captivating. It's a blues-infused melody that is both lyrical and rhythmically driving. The melody is deceptively simple, but its effectiveness lies in its clever use of repetition, variation, and call-and-response patterns. The saxophone solo, typically played by a featured soloist, provides ample opportunity for improvisation, allowing the musician to express their individual voice within the framework of the song.

Beyond the melody, the harmonic structure of "Take the 'A' Train" is particularly noteworthy. Strayhorn employs a sophisticated chord progression that moves beyond the basic blues structure. He incorporates elements of bebop harmony, such as altered chords and passing tones, which add a layer of complexity and sophistication to the overall sound. The use of these harmonic devices creates a sense of tension and release, keeping the listener engaged and interested.

The arrangement of "Take the 'A' Train" is also a testament to Strayhorn's skill as an orchestrator. He expertly balances the various sections of the orchestra, creating a rich and dynamic soundscape. The brass section provides powerful accents and rhythmic drive, while the reed section adds warmth and color. The rhythm section, comprised of piano, bass, and drums, lays down a solid foundation that anchors the entire piece.

The interplay between the different sections of the orchestra is crucial to the success of "Take the 'A' Train." Strayhorn utilizes call-and-response patterns between the brass and reed sections, creating a sense of dialogue and interplay. He also incorporates dynamic contrasts, shifting between quiet, intimate passages and loud, energetic outbursts. This dynamic variation keeps the music fresh and engaging, preventing it from becoming monotonous.

A Journey Through Sound: Understanding the Musical Elements

To truly appreciate the brilliance of "Take the 'A' Train," it's helpful to dissect the key musical elements that contribute to its distinctive sound:

• The Riff: The song is fundamentally built on a series of repeating riffs or ostinatos. These riffs, particularly the opening trumpet fanfare, act as musical anchors, providing a sense of familiarity and grounding.
• Syncopation: The use of syncopation, emphasizing the off-beats, is crucial to the song's rhythmic drive and swing feel. This rhythmic complexity adds a layer of excitement and unpredictability to the music.
• Blues Influence: The blues idiom is evident in the melody and harmonic structure of "Take the 'A' Train." The use of blue notes and blues scales gives the song a soulful and expressive quality.
• Call-and-Response: The interplay between the different sections of the orchestra, using call-and-response patterns, is a defining characteristic of the song. This creates a sense of dialogue and interaction between the musicians.
• Improvisation: While the song has a fixed arrangement, it also provides ample opportunity for improvisation. The featured soloist is given the freedom to express their individual voice and creativity within the framework of the song.
• Dynamics: The dynamic contrasts, shifting between quiet and loud passages, are essential to the song's overall impact. This dynamic variation keeps the music fresh and engaging.

Beyond the Notes: Cultural Significance and the Harlem Renaissance

“Take the ‘A’ Train” transcends its musical brilliance to become a powerful symbol of the Harlem Renaissance and the Black experience in America. During the 1930s and 40s, Harlem was a vibrant center of African American culture, art, and intellectual life. It was a place where Black artists, writers, and musicians could express themselves freely and challenge the social and political norms of the time.

The "A" train itself became a metaphor for this journey to Harlem, representing the hope and opportunity that the neighborhood offered to African Americans migrating from the South. The song, therefore, became an anthem for this movement, celebrating the vibrancy and cultural richness of Harlem.

Furthermore, "Take the 'A' Train" contributed to the dismantling of racial barriers in the music industry. The Duke Ellington Orchestra, with its diverse lineup of talented musicians, defied racial segregation and showcased the immense talent within the Black community. The song's popularity helped to break down stereotypes and promote greater appreciation for Black musical contributions.

In a time when racial segregation was prevalent and African Americans faced significant discrimination, "Take the 'A' Train" offered a message of hope and resilience. It celebrated Black culture and creativity, providing a source of pride and empowerment for the African American community. The song served as a reminder of the strength and resilience of the Black spirit, and its ability to overcome adversity.

Enduring Legacy: "Take the 'A' Train" in the 21st Century

Decades after its composition, "Take the 'A' Train" continues to resonate with audiences worldwide. Its infectious melody, sophisticated harmonies, and historical significance have cemented its place as a jazz standard. The song has been recorded by countless artists, from jazz legends like Ella Fitzgerald and Count Basie to contemporary musicians in various genres.

The song's enduring appeal is a testament to the genius of Billy Strayhorn and the power of music to transcend time and culture. "Take the 'A' Train" is more than just a song; it's a cultural artifact that captures a specific moment in American history. It's a reminder of the Harlem Renaissance, the golden age of big band music, and the ongoing struggle for racial equality.

Furthermore, the song continues to inspire new generations of musicians and listeners. Its accessible melody and challenging harmonies make it a valuable learning tool for aspiring jazz musicians. The song's rich history and cultural significance provide a context for understanding the evolution of jazz music and its role in American society.

Today, "Take the 'A' Train" can be heard in films, television shows, and commercials, introducing it to new audiences and ensuring its continued relevance. Its iconic status has made it a symbol of New York City, jazz music, and the spirit of creativity and innovation.

Tips & Expert Advice for Appreciating and Playing "Take the 'A' Train"

For listeners seeking a deeper appreciation for "Take the 'A' Train," consider the following tips:

• Listen to multiple versions: Explore recordings by the Duke Ellington Orchestra, as well as interpretations by other artists. Compare and contrast the different approaches to the song.
• Pay attention to the soloists: Each soloist brings their unique voice and interpretation to the song. Listen closely to their improvisations and try to understand their musical choices.
• Study the arrangement: Analyze the arrangement of the song and identify the different sections of the orchestra. Pay attention to the interplay between the brass, reed, and rhythm sections.
• Research the historical context: Learn about the Harlem Renaissance and the cultural significance of the song. This will deepen your appreciation for its historical and social impact.

For musicians seeking to learn and play "Take the 'A' Train," consider these tips:

• Start with the basics: Master the melody and chord progression before attempting to improvise.
• Practice the riffs: The opening trumpet fanfare and other repeating riffs are crucial to the song's identity. Practice them until you can play them effortlessly.
• Transcribe solos: Listen to recordings of solos by famous jazz musicians and try to transcribe them. This will help you develop your improvisational skills.
• Study jazz theory: Understanding jazz harmony and improvisation techniques will help you navigate the song's complex chord changes.
• Listen to the Duke Ellington Orchestra: Immerse yourself in the music of the Ellington Orchestra and try to emulate their sound and style.

FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)

• Q: Who wrote "Take the 'A' Train"?

  • A: Billy Strayhorn composed "Take the 'A' Train."

• Q: Why is it called "Take the 'A' Train"?

  • A: The title refers to the "A" subway line in New York City, which runs from Brooklyn to Harlem.

• Q: What is the musical style of "Take the 'A' Train"?

  • A: "Take the 'A' Train" is a jazz standard, specifically in the swing style.

• Q: Why is "Take the 'A' Train" so famous?

  • A: It became the signature tune for the Duke Ellington Orchestra and is a well-crafted and infectious jazz composition.

• Q: What is the historical significance of "Take the 'A' Train"?

  • A: It's associated with the Harlem Renaissance and the Black experience in America, symbolizing hope and opportunity.

Conclusion

"Take the 'A' Train" is more than just a song; it's a cultural landmark, a musical masterpiece, and a testament to the enduring power of jazz. Billy Strayhorn's composition encapsulates the spirit of Harlem, the energy of the Duke Ellington Orchestra, and the hopes and aspirations of a generation. Its enduring legacy continues to inspire musicians and listeners around the world. From its infectious melody to its sophisticated harmonies, "Take the 'A' Train" invites us on a journey through sound and history.

How does this iconic piece resonate with you? Have you ever imagined yourself on that "A" train, heading towards the vibrant heart of Harlem? The journey, both literal and metaphorical, continues to captivate and inspire.