Oliver Cromwell And The New Model Army

Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army: A Force for Change in 17th Century England

Oliver Cromwell, a name synonymous with the English Civil War, was far more than just a military figure. He was a complex, controversial, and ultimately transformative figure in English history. His rise to prominence was inextricably linked to the creation and success of the New Model Army, a revolutionary fighting force that not only secured victory for Parliament but also reshaped the political and social landscape of England. Understanding Cromwell requires a deep dive into the origins, organization, and impact of this groundbreaking army.

This article will delve into the historical context leading to the formation of the New Model Army, meticulously examine its structure and tactics, analyze Cromwell’s role in its creation and leadership, and assess the army’s lasting impact on English society and military history. From the initial struggles of the Parliamentarian forces to the eventual triumph and subsequent political complexities, we will unravel the story of Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army.

The Seeds of Discontent: Precursors to the New Model Army

The English Civil War (1642-1651) was not a sudden eruption but the culmination of decades of growing tension between King Charles I and Parliament. Charles's belief in the Divine Right of Kings, his attempts to rule without Parliament, and his imposition of religious policies unpopular with the Puritan majority created deep divisions within the nation. When armed conflict finally broke out, the Parliamentarian forces, though initially appearing to be well-positioned, found themselves struggling to gain a decisive advantage.

The early Parliamentarian armies were largely composed of county militias and local levies, led by nobles and gentlemen who often lacked military experience and possessed questionable commitment to the cause. These forces were plagued by a number of issues:

• Lack of Professionalism: Soldiers were often poorly trained, unpaid, and prone to desertion.
• Regional Loyalties: Commanders prioritized the defense of their own regions, hindering coordinated efforts across the country.
• Social Divisions: Aristocratic commanders were often reluctant to fully embrace the Puritan ideals driving the revolution, creating friction with the rank and file.

These shortcomings became glaringly apparent in the early years of the war. While Royalist forces, led by seasoned commanders like Prince Rupert, achieved a series of victories, the Parliamentarians suffered defeats and faced growing frustration. The need for a more effective and unified fighting force became increasingly urgent.

The Self-Denying Ordinance and the Birth of the New Model Army

Recognizing the inherent weaknesses in the existing military structure, key figures within Parliament, including Oliver Cromwell, began advocating for radical reform. The solution they proposed was the creation of a national army, disciplined, well-equipped, and driven by religious fervor. This vision culminated in the Self-Denying Ordinance of 1645, a pivotal piece of legislation that paved the way for the New Model Army.

The Self-Denying Ordinance mandated that all members of Parliament holding military commands resign their posts. While seemingly counterintuitive, this measure was designed to remove politically motivated commanders and replace them with individuals chosen solely for their military abilities. Cromwell himself initially opposed the ordinance, fearing it would sideline him, but he later embraced it, recognizing its necessity for the success of the war effort.

This bold step cleared the path for the creation of the New Model Army, officially established in February 1645. This new army differed significantly from its predecessors in several key aspects:

• National Army: It was a centralized force, drawing soldiers from across the country and funded by Parliament.
• Professional Soldiers: Soldiers were paid regularly, provided with standardized equipment, and subjected to rigorous training.
• Meritocratic Advancement: Promotion was based on merit and ability rather than social status or political connections.
• Religious Zeal: The army was imbued with a strong sense of Puritan belief, fostering discipline and a shared sense of purpose.

Organization and Tactics of the New Model Army

The New Model Army was a highly organized and disciplined force, structured around infantry regiments, cavalry troops, and artillery units. Its effectiveness stemmed not only from its standardized equipment and training but also from its innovative tactics and unwavering commitment to the cause.

• Infantry: The infantry regiments formed the backbone of the army, armed with muskets and pikes. They were trained to fight in close formation, delivering volleys of musket fire followed by a charge with pikes.
• Cavalry: The cavalry, led by Cromwell himself, proved to be a decisive force on the battlefield. Cromwell's cavalry tactics emphasized aggressive charges and unwavering pursuit of the enemy, often breaking the Royalist lines and securing victory.
• Artillery: The artillery provided crucial support, bombarding enemy fortifications and disrupting their formations.

The New Model Army also adopted a new approach to discipline, emphasizing religious instruction and moral conduct. Chaplains were appointed to each regiment, and soldiers were encouraged to engage in prayer and Bible study. This emphasis on morality and spiritual discipline contributed to the army's cohesion and effectiveness.

Oliver Cromwell: Architect and Leader of the New Model Army

Oliver Cromwell played a central role in the creation and success of the New Model Army. His unwavering commitment to the Parliamentarian cause, his military acumen, and his ability to inspire his troops made him an indispensable leader.

While not formally the commander-in-chief of the entire New Model Army (that role was held by Sir Thomas Fairfax), Cromwell served as the Lieutenant-General of the Horse, commanding the cavalry. His leadership in this role was instrumental in securing key victories for Parliament.

Cromwell's impact extended beyond tactical command. He was a vocal advocate for the reforms that led to the creation of the New Model Army, and he played a crucial role in shaping its character and ethos. His belief in religious freedom and his commitment to meritocratic principles resonated deeply with the soldiers, fostering a sense of loyalty and dedication that was unmatched by other armies of the time.

Key Battles and Victories

The New Model Army quickly proved its worth on the battlefield, achieving a series of decisive victories that turned the tide of the English Civil War. Some of the most notable battles include:

• Battle of Naseby (1645): This decisive victory, in which Cromwell's cavalry shattered the Royalist forces, effectively ended Charles I's ability to wage war.
• Battle of Langport (1645): Another crucial victory for the New Model Army, further consolidating Parliamentarian control over the west of England.
• Siege of Bristol (1645): The capture of Bristol, a major Royalist stronghold, demonstrated the New Model Army's ability to conduct successful sieges.

These victories were not merely the result of superior numbers or equipment. They were a testament to the New Model Army's discipline, training, and leadership. Cromwell's strategic brilliance and his ability to inspire his troops played a crucial role in securing these triumphs.

The New Model Army and the Execution of Charles I

The New Model Army's success on the battlefield ultimately led to a dramatic shift in the political landscape of England. With Charles I defeated and captured, the army became increasingly involved in political affairs, advocating for a more radical form of government.

Cromwell and the army leadership became convinced that Charles I could not be trusted to uphold the agreements he made, and that his continued existence posed a threat to the stability of the nation. This conviction led to the infamous trial and execution of Charles I in 1649.

The execution of the king was a watershed moment in English history, marking the end of the monarchy and the establishment of the Commonwealth of England, a republic governed by Parliament. The New Model Army played a crucial role in this transition, providing the force necessary to enforce the decisions of Parliament and suppress Royalist resistance.

The Commonwealth and the Protectorate

Following the execution of Charles I, England was declared a Commonwealth, with Parliament as the supreme governing body. However, the Commonwealth proved to be unstable, plagued by internal divisions and external threats.

Cromwell, as the Lord General of the army, gradually consolidated his power, eventually dissolving Parliament in 1653 and establishing the Protectorate, with himself as Lord Protector. The Protectorate was a form of military dictatorship, with Cromwell ruling with the support of the army.

During his rule as Lord Protector, Cromwell implemented a number of significant reforms, including legal and social reforms, as well as efforts to promote religious toleration (within certain limits). He also pursued an aggressive foreign policy, expanding England's trade and influence abroad.

The Legacy of the New Model Army

The New Model Army was disbanded after the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, but its legacy continued to resonate in English military and political history.

• Military Innovation: The New Model Army revolutionized military organization and tactics, establishing a model for professional armies that would be emulated by other nations.
• Political Influence: The army's involvement in politics demonstrated the potential for military power to shape the course of history, a lesson that would not be forgotten.
• Religious Freedom: The New Model Army's emphasis on religious freedom contributed to the broader movement for religious toleration in England.

The Complex Legacy of Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell remains a controversial figure in English history. Some view him as a hero, a champion of liberty and religious freedom who overthrew a tyrannical king. Others view him as a villain, a ruthless dictator who imposed his will on the nation through military force.

Regardless of one's perspective, it is undeniable that Cromwell was a transformative figure who played a pivotal role in shaping the course of English history. His leadership of the New Model Army, his involvement in the execution of Charles I, and his rule as Lord Protector all had a profound and lasting impact on England.

FAQ: Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army

• Q: What was the New Model Army?
  • A: A national army created by the English Parliament in 1645, characterized by its professionalism, meritocratic structure, and religious zeal.
• Q: Who led the New Model Army?
  • A: Sir Thomas Fairfax was the commander-in-chief, but Oliver Cromwell played a crucial role as Lieutenant-General of the Horse.
• Q: Why was the New Model Army created?
  • A: To address the shortcomings of the existing Parliamentarian forces and create a more effective and unified fighting force.
• Q: What was the significance of the Self-Denying Ordinance?
  • A: It removed politically motivated commanders, paving the way for the creation of the New Model Army and the appointment of commanders based on merit.
• Q: What was Oliver Cromwell's role in the execution of Charles I?
  • A: Cromwell and the army leadership believed Charles I posed a threat to the nation and advocated for his trial and execution.

Conclusion

Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army were inextricably linked, representing a force for change in 17th century England. The army's creation, driven by the need for a more effective and unified fighting force, revolutionized military organization and tactics. Cromwell's leadership, both on the battlefield and in the political arena, played a crucial role in securing victory for Parliament and shaping the course of English history.

While Cromwell's legacy remains controversial, his impact on England is undeniable. The New Model Army, a product of his vision and leadership, not only secured victory in the English Civil War but also left a lasting mark on military and political thought, contributing to the development of modern professional armies and influencing the ongoing struggle for religious and political freedom. How do you view Cromwell's legacy in shaping modern England?